Sperm health is declining in the Western world at worrying rates, with sperm counts having dropped around 50% in the last 40 years. There is now some limited data to show that this not just be restricted to the West, and may in fact be more widespread.
Research shows that between 1973 to 2018, the levels of decline in the West were 1.2% annually, but since 2000 those figures have accelerated to 2.5% every year.
Currently 1 in 7 couples experience infertility, and 30% of those are solely male factor related (and another 30% down to a combination of both male and female factor). As such, male factor infertility is now the primary cause of couples seeking IVF treatment. Deteriorating semen quality and male reproductive health is beginning to escalate into a general fertility crisis.
Why is this happening?
Recent research (Kortenkamp et al, 2002) suggests the answer may be complex, with lifestyle playing a part (including recreational drug use or smoking during pregnancy being possible components), but also that exposure to chemicals looks to be contributing factor. Perry (2023) suggests use of pesticides is also playing a role in this decline, while Osadchiv et al (2024) argue that the semen microbiome (and in particular high levels of the bacteria lactobacillus iners) may be affecting semen parameters.
So what can be done?
Perry et al recommend trying to limit exposures to BPAs and other forever chemicals and caution expectant mothers at the beginning of pregnancy to avoid paracetamol unless specifically advised by a doctor. Other suggestions from recent studies include thorough washing of vegetables, avoiding alcohol and smoking, exercising regularly, minimising stress, avoiding processed foods, and eating a diet rich in antioxidants, probiotics and fibre.
What are the common issues that men face with fertility?
- Suboptimal semen analysis (ie motility, morphology
- varicocele (a pooling of blood in the veins around the testicles, leads to DNA fragmentation) – 10-15% of men affected. In couples experiencing infertility this goes up to 40%
- Azoospermia (no sperm in the ejaculate -affects 1 in 100 men). Can be obstructive or non obstructive)- referral to urologist needed, as this can be worked on
- Hormonal imbalance
- Infection
- DNA fragmentation – can be a cause of embryonic development failure and recurrent miscarriage
- oxidative stress – usually caused by lifestyle / infection – needs to be within a certain range to help with hormone balance
- Testicular trauma
- History of undescended testicles
- History of mumps or glandular fever
How can working with a practitioner help?
- knowledge and roadmapping of testing and available options, referrals etc
- Working with diet, lifestyle and supplementation which can have a huge impact on sperm health
- Emotional support
- Stress management
When I work with couples experiencing infertility, I always look at both sides of the equation – both male and female. Get in touch to find out more.
